ИСТОРИЯ КИБЕРНЕТИКИ и этапы ее развития презентация

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The History and Development of CyberneticsThe History and Development of Cybernetics
 Представлен университетом им. Джорджа ВашингтонаHistory of Cybernetics
 Много лет назад…Relative ComplicationObjects & ProcessesKnowledge MasteryDa Vinci, cont. – SculptureDa Vinci, cont. – AnatomyDa Vinci, cont. – ArchitectureDa Vinci, cont. – Weapons EngineeringDa Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical EngineeringDa Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering, cont.Systems ComplexitySystems Complexity, cont.Systems Complexity, cont.Systems Complexity, cont.Systems Complexity, cont.Systems Complexity, cont.Systems Complexity, cont.Technology AdvancesTechnology Advances, cont.Technology Advances, cont.Keeping up with DevelopmentsHow to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society?Underlying PrinciplesCybernetics = Regulation of SystemsCybernetics – an Interdisciplinary ScienceWhat Cybernetics Looks atDerivation of CyberneticsNorbet WeinerWiener – RadarWeiner – Radar, cont.Wiener – Radar and Human Factor ImitationFeedbackFeedback – ThermostatThermostat Feedback ExampleThermostat Feedback Example, cont.Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.Self Regulating SystemHuman Body – Feedback Leading to System RegulationFeedback – Corrective ActionFeedback – Hunger ExampleHuman Body and Cybernetics StudiesHomeostatGrey Walter – Self Regulating Man and AnimalsGrey Walter – Mechanical TortoisesGrey Walter and FamilyThe Anatomy of ElsieSimulating a Human’s FunctionSimulating a Human’s FunctionNot What Is, but What Does it Do?Simulating Human FunctionsNot Objects, but ProcessesDesigns to Help with Human TasksAutomataMacy Foundation MeetingsProfessionals Speak Different LanguagesMargaret Mead Breaks A ToothMeetings Calm with Common ExperiencesLaying the Groundwork for CyberneticsProminent Early CyberneticiansNeurophysiology, Mathematics, and PhilosophyThe Human Nervous SystemHuman Nervous System and Mathematical EquationsCold = HotNeurophysiology, Mathematics and PhilosophyPlantsAnimalsMineralsAbstract Ideas, Thoughts, and ConceptsEpistemology = Study of KnowledgeKnowledge – Formed in the BrainThe Mind – The Meeting Place Between the Brain and anExperimental EpistemologyCybernetics = Regulation of SystemsHuman Brain – The Most Remarkable Regulator of AllMind – Regulates ItselfOther Cybernetic ConceptsLaw of Requisite VarietyThermostat Example, RevisitedFurnace = SimplicityFurnace + Air Conditioner = ComplexityHumans – Most Complex Nervous SystemStarfish SystemSea Cucumber SystemMore Complex the Animal, the More complex the BrainSocial SystemsCapability to RegulateRegulation – Increase Complexity of Regulator and System being RegulatedSelf Organizing SystemsWaiting in LineThe Line – A Self-Organizing SystemOil and Vinegar – a Self-Organizing SystemOil and Vinegar - EquilibriumSelf Organization Leads to a General Design RuleSelf Organization Leads to a General Design RuleEducating ChildrenEducating Children, cont.Regulation of Business by GovernmentRegulation of Business by Government, cont.Regulation of Business by Government, cont.Regulation of Business by Government, cont.Regulation of Business by Government, cont.Cybernetics – how Knowledge itself is GeneratedA Firmer Foundation for Regulating Larger SystemsFirmer Foundation for Regulating the Whole WorldRole of the ObserverHeinz Von FoersterHumberto MaturanaGordon PaskStafford BeerSecond Order CyberneticsDealing with Autonomous SystemsSeparating Man from the SystemSeparating Man from the System, cont.Margaret MeadMead – Separating Man from the SystemMead – Separating Man from the System, cont.Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont.News Reporters – Affected by Background and ExperienceWise to Have Several People Study Complex SystemsEarly Days – Cybernetics = Systems Seeking Pre-Defined GoalsNow – How Purposes are ConstructedPursuing Goals and PurposesPursuing Goals and Purposes, cont.Pursing Goals and Purposes, cont.Cybernetics – 1st Noted for FeedbackHuman Body – Rich Example of FeedbackStudying the Human Body – Walking, Thinking, etc.Cybernetics – Studies Self-Organizing PropertiesCybernetics – Moved from Primary Concern with MachinesCybernetics includes Large Social SystemsDa Vinci – Can we Master all Fields and Existing Knowledge?Complexity is Observer-DependentComplexity is in the Eye of the Beholder



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The History and Development of Cybernetics


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The History and Development of Cybernetics Представлен университетом им. Джорджа Вашингтона (The George Washington University) совместно с Американским обществом кибернетики (The American Society for Cybernetics)

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History of Cybernetics Много лет назад…

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Relative Complication

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Objects & Processes

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Knowledge Mastery

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Da Vinci, cont. – Sculpture

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Da Vinci, cont. – Anatomy

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Da Vinci, cont. – Architecture

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Da Vinci, cont. – Weapons Engineering

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Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering

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Da Vinci, cont. – Aeronautical Engineering, cont.

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Systems Complexity

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Systems Complexity, cont.

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Systems Complexity, cont.

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Systems Complexity, cont.

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Systems Complexity, cont.

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Systems Complexity, cont.

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Systems Complexity, cont.

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Technology Advances

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Technology Advances, cont.

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Technology Advances, cont.

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Keeping up with Developments

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How to Live and Work in a Technically Advanced Society?

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Underlying Principles

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Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems

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Cybernetics – an Interdisciplinary Science

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What Cybernetics Looks at

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Derivation of Cybernetics

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Norbet Weiner

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Wiener – Radar

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Weiner – Radar, cont.

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Wiener – Radar and Human Factor Imitation

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Feedback

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Feedback – Thermostat

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Thermostat Feedback Example

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Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.

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Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.

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Thermostat Feedback Example, cont.

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Self Regulating System

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Human Body – Feedback Leading to System Regulation

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Feedback – Corrective Action

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Feedback – Hunger Example

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Human Body and Cybernetics Studies

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Homeostat

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Grey Walter – Self Regulating Man and Animals

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Grey Walter – Mechanical Tortoises

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Grey Walter and Family

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The Anatomy of Elsie

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Simulating a Human’s Function

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Simulating a Human’s Function

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Not What Is, but What Does it Do?

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Simulating Human Functions

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Not Objects, but Processes

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Designs to Help with Human Tasks

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Automata

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Macy Foundation Meetings

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Professionals Speak Different Languages

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Margaret Mead Breaks A Tooth

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Meetings Calm with Common Experiences

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Laying the Groundwork for Cybernetics

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Prominent Early Cyberneticians

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Neurophysiology, Mathematics, and Philosophy

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The Human Nervous System

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Human Nervous System and Mathematical Equations

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Cold = Hot

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Neurophysiology, Mathematics and Philosophy

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Plants

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Animals

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Minerals

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Abstract Ideas, Thoughts, and Concepts

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Epistemology = Study of Knowledge

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Knowledge – Formed in the Brain

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The Mind – The Meeting Place Between the Brain and an Idea

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Experimental Epistemology

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Cybernetics = Regulation of Systems

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Human Brain – The Most Remarkable Regulator of All

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Mind – Regulates Itself

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Other Cybernetic Concepts

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Law of Requisite Variety

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Thermostat Example, Revisited

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Furnace = Simplicity

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Furnace + Air Conditioner = Complexity

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Humans – Most Complex Nervous System

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Starfish System

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Sea Cucumber System

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More Complex the Animal, the More complex the Brain

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Social Systems

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Capability to Regulate

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Regulation – Increase Complexity of Regulator and System being Regulated

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Self Organizing Systems

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Waiting in Line

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The Line – A Self-Organizing System

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Oil and Vinegar – a Self-Organizing System

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Oil and Vinegar - Equilibrium

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Self Organization Leads to a General Design Rule

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Self Organization Leads to a General Design Rule

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Educating Children

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Educating Children, cont.

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Regulation of Business by Government

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Regulation of Business by Government, cont.

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Regulation of Business by Government, cont.

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Regulation of Business by Government, cont.

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Regulation of Business by Government, cont.

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Cybernetics – how Knowledge itself is Generated

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A Firmer Foundation for Regulating Larger Systems

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Firmer Foundation for Regulating the Whole World

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Role of the Observer

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Heinz Von Foerster

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Humberto Maturana

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Gordon Pask

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Stafford Beer

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Second Order Cybernetics

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Dealing with Autonomous Systems

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Separating Man from the System

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Separating Man from the System, cont.

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Margaret Mead

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Mead – Separating Man from the System

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Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont.

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Mead – Separating Man from the System, cont.

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News Reporters – Affected by Background and Experience

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Wise to Have Several People Study Complex Systems

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Early Days – Cybernetics = Systems Seeking Pre-Defined Goals

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Now – How Purposes are Constructed

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Pursuing Goals and Purposes

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Pursuing Goals and Purposes, cont.

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Pursing Goals and Purposes, cont.

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Cybernetics – 1st Noted for Feedback

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Human Body – Rich Example of Feedback

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Studying the Human Body – Walking, Thinking, etc.

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Cybernetics – Studies Self-Organizing Properties

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Cybernetics – Moved from Primary Concern with Machines

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Cybernetics includes Large Social Systems

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Da Vinci – Can we Master all Fields and Existing Knowledge?

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Complexity is Observer-Dependent

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Complexity is in the Eye of the Beholder

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