Презентация, доклад Radiation
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Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 3


Описание слайда:
Forces: There are many interactions among nuclei. It turns out that there are forces other than the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force which govern the interactions among nuclei.
Forces: There are many interactions among nuclei. It turns out that there are forces other than the electromagnetic force and the gravitational force which govern the interactions among nuclei.
Einstein in 1905m showed 2 more laws: energy/mass, and binding energy
Слайд 25


Описание слайда:
Alpha Particles (or Alpha Radiation): Helium nucleus (2 neutrons and 2 protons); +2 charge; heavy (4 AMU). Typical Energy = 4-8 MeV; Limited range (<10cm in air; 60µm in tissue); High LET (QF=20) causing heavy damage (4K-9K ion pairs/µm in tissue). Easily shielded (e.g., paper, skin) so an internal radiation hazard. Eventually lose too much energy to ionize; become He.
Слайд 27


Описание слайда:
Beta Particles: High speed electron ejected from nucleus; -1 charge, light 0.00055 AMU; Typical Energy = several KeV to 5 MeV; Range approx. 12'/MeV in air, a few mm in tissue; Low LET (QF=1) causing light damage (6-8 ion pairs/µm in tissue). Primarily an internal hazard, but high beta can be an external hazard to skin. In addition, the high speed electrons may lose energy in the form of X-rays when they quickly decelerate upon striking a heavy material. This is called Bremsstralung (or Breaking) Radiation. Aluminum and other light (<14) materials are used for shielding.
Слайд 37


Описание слайда:
B. Quantifying Exposure and Dose
Exposure: Roentgen 1 Roentgen (R) = amount of X or gamma radiation that produces ionization resulting in 1 electrostatic unit of charge in 1 cm3 of dry air. Instruments often measure exposure rate in mR/hr.
Absorbed Dose: rad (Roentgen absorbed dose) = absorption of 100 ergs of energy from any radiation in 1 gram of any material; 1 Gray (Gy) = 100 rads = 1 Joule/kg; Exposure to 1 Roentgen approximates 0.9 rad in air.
Biologically Equivalent Dose: Rem (Roentgen equivalent man) = dose in rads x QF, where QF = quality factor. 1 Sievert (Sv) = 100 rems.
Слайд 40


Описание слайда:
Exposure Limits
OSHA Limits: Whole body limit = 1.25 rem/qtr or 5 rem (50 mSv) per year.
Hands and feet limit = 18.75 rem/qtr.
Skin of whole body limit = 7.5 rem/qtr.
Total life accumulation = 5 x (N-18) rem where N = age. Can have 3 rem/qtr if total life accumulation not exceeded.
Note: New recommendations reduce the 5 rem to 2 rem.
Слайд 45


Описание слайда:
HEALTH EFFECTS
Generalizations: Biological effects are due to the ionization process that destroys the capacity for cell reproduction or division or causes cell mutation. A given total dose will cause more damage if received in a shorter time period. A fatal dose is (600 R)
Acute Somatic Effects: Relatively immediate effects to a person acutely exposed. Severity depends on dose. Death usually results from damage to bone marrow or intestinal wall. Acute radio-dermatitis is common in radiotherapy; chronic cases occur mostly in industry.
Слайд 47


Описание слайда:
Delayed Somatic Effects: Delayed effects to exposed person include: Cancer, leukemia, cataracts, life shortening from organ failure, and abortion. Probability of an effect is proportional to dose (no threshold). Severity is independent of dose. Doubling dose for cancer is approximately 10-100 rems.
Genetic Effects: Genetic effects to off-spring of exposed persons are irreversible and nearly always harmful. Doubling dose for mutation rate is approximately 50-80 rems. (Spontaneous mutation rate is approx. 10-100 mutations per million population per generation.)
Слайд 48


Описание слайда:
Critical Organs: Organs generally most susceptible to radiation damage include: Lymphocytes, bone marrow, gastro-intestinal, gonads, and other fast-growing cells. The central nervous system is relatively resistant. Many nuclides concentrate in certain organs rather than being uniformly distributed over the body, and the organs may be particularly sensitive to radiation damage, e.g., isotopes of iodine concentrate in the thyroid gland. These organs are considered "critical" for the specific nuclide.
Слайд 50


Описание слайда:
All earth surface system components emit radiation---the sun and the earth are the components we are most interested in
The sun emits radiation composed of high energy infrared radiation, visible light, and ultraviolet radiation collectively known as shortwave radiation (SW)
The earth emits radiation composed of lower energy infrared radiation collectively known as long-wave radiation (LW)
Слайд 60


Описание слайда:
Time: Minimize time of exposure to minimize total dose. Rotate employees to restrict individual dose.
Distance: Maximize distance to source to maximize attenuation in air. The effect of distance can be estimated from equations.
Shielding: Minimize exposure by placing absorbing shield between worker and source.
Слайд 62


Описание слайда:
B. Monitoring
Personal Dosimeters: Normally they do not prevent exposures (no alarm), just record it. They can provide a record of accumulated exposure for an individual worker over extended periods of time (hours, days or weeks), and are small enough for measuring localized exposures Common types: Film badges; Thermoluminescence detectors (TLD); and pocket dosimeters.
Слайд 66


Описание слайда:
Direct Reading Survey Meters and Counters: Useful in identifying source of exposures recorded by personal dosimeters, and in evaluating potential sources, such as surface or sample contamination, source leakage, inadequate decontamination procedures, background radiation.
Common types:
Alpha Proportional or Scintillation counters
Beta, gamma Geiger-Mueller or Proportional counters
X-ray, Gamma Ionization chambers
Neutrons Proportional counters
Слайд 68


Описание слайда:
Continuous Monitors: Continuous direct reading ionization detectors (same detectors as above) can provide read-out and/or alarm to monitor hazardous locations and alert workers to leakage, thereby preventing exposures.
Long-Term Samplers: Used to measure average exposures over a longer time period. For example, charcoal canisters or electrets are set out for days to months to measure radon in basements (should be <4 pCi/L).
Слайд 69


Описание слайда:
Elements of Radiation Protection Program
Monitoring of exposures: Personal, area, and screening measurements; Medical/biologic monitoring.
Task-Specific Procedures and Controls: Initial, periodic, and post-maintenance or other non-scheduled events. Engineering (shielding) vs. PPE vs. administrative controls. Including management and employee commitment and authority to enforce procedures and controls.
Emergency procedures: Response, "clean-up", post clean-up testing and spill control.
Training and Hazard Communications including signs, warning lights, lockout/tagout, etc. Criteria for need, design, and information given.
Material Handling: Receiving, inventory control, storage, and disposal.
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