LECTURE 2 презентация

LECTURE 2 OE Morphology. OE Syntax.

An Outline Grammatical categories of the Noun in OE The Grammatical Categories of the Adjective in OE Grammatical Categories of the Verb in OE The Morphological Classification of the OE Verbs Principal Features of OE Syntax

PIE had been an inflected language and PG had retained inflections to a greater a lesser extent. In grammar, OE carried out some simplifications of the PG system

Noun Grammatical categories: Case Number Gender Noun declensions

The Category of Case 4 cases: Nominative (the subject case), Accusative ( the object case), Genitive (indicating possession) Dative (used after most prepositions and also as the indirect object).

The Category of Number Sg. and Pl. Nominative dæġ dagas Accusative dæġ dæġ Genitive dæġes daga Dative dæġe dagum

The Category of Gender MFN Present-day English has only natural gender, Gender in OE is grammatical. Cf. OE moegden (girl), wīf (wife), bearn (child, son), and cild (child) are in fact neuter.

Noun declensions A group of nouns which all have the same set of inflexions attached to them are the members of a particular declension.

Types of declensions in OE: strong declension weak declension root declension minor declensions

strong declension a-stems, ō-stems, i-stems, u-stems.

strong declension (a-stems masculine) Singular Plural stān stānas stānes stāna stāne stānum stān stānas

The a-stems form the most important declension for the later history of the language. The a-stems form the most important declension for the later history of the language. Cf. ModE stones – OE stānas the plural inflexion -as is the antecedent of the modern standard plural marker.

weak declension n-stems nouns This declension gave the later -en plural Cf. ModE oxen ( < OE oxan)

Root declension Its most obvious characteristic is that they should have shown i-mutation.

Singular Plural Singular Plural Nom. fōt fēt Gen. fōtes fōta Dat. fēt fōtum Acc. fōt fēt it is the source of irregular plurals; PDE foot ~ feet, man ~ men, goose ~ geese.

OE Adjectives Grammatical categories: 1) Number; 2) Case; 3) Gender; Degrees of comparison. Declensions: strong and weak.

OE Verb The categories of OE Verb: The category of Person (three persons) The category of Number (two numbers) The category of Mood (three moods) The category of Tense (present and past)

The progressive constructions: Cf. Europe hio onginð... of Danai þære ie, seo is irnende of norÞdæle... Europe she begins... from Don that river, that is running from northern-part...

The perfect and plusperfect constructions Cf. Ic hæbbe gebunden þone feond; I have bound that enemy”

Passive constructions OE he gefeaht wiþ Gotan, & gefliemed weard & bedrifen on anne tun he fought against Goths and put-to-flight was and driven into one fortress PDE: he fought against the Goths and was put to flight and driven into afortress;

Morphological classes of OE verbs strong, weak, preterit-presents, irregular

A peculiar feature of the Germanic languages was the division of the verb into two great classes: the weak and the strong verbs.

Strong verbs 7 classes or “ablaut series” Four forms: the infinitive, the past singular, the past plural, and the past participle. Their major categories are formed by root-vowel alternations (ablaut).

I. drīfan drāf drifon (ge) drifen II. cēosan cēas curon coren III. helpan healp hulpon holpen IV. beran bær boren V. sprecan spræc sprecen VI. faran fōr fōron faren VII. feallan fēoll fēollon feallen

Weak verbs Three forms: present infinitive; past tense; past participle. They form these forms by means of the dental suffixes.

OE Syntax OE was a highly inflected language. Meaning was determined by case endings: that is, the relationship among words in a sentence was determined not by the word in the sentence, but by the special endings of the words