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![The Seven Kingdoms of the Heptarchy [ʹhepta:kı]
Germanic tribes formed The Seven Kingdoms of the Heptarchy [ʹhepta:kı]
Germanic tribes formed](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img12.jpg)










![Exceptions
A PIE voiceless plosive followed the voiceless fricative [s]:
Lat. Exceptions
A PIE voiceless plosive followed the voiceless fricative [s]:
Lat.](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img23.jpg)







![Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р]](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img31.jpg)













Слайды и текст этой презентации
Слайд 2


Описание слайда:
Plan
The subject of the History of the English Language.
PIE and Indo-European languages.
PG and Germanic languages.
Periodization of the History of English.
Main historical events of the OE period.
Phonetic system of Germanic languages: stress, the system of consonants, the main changes (Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law, Rhotacism).
PG Vowel system. The main changes (Common Germanic fracture, Common Germanic vowel shift).
Specific features of Common Germanic Grammar.
Слайд 3


Описание слайда:
Literature
Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка. – М.: Астрель, 2005. – С. 34-71.
Ильиш Б.А. История английского языка. – Л.: Просвещение, 1972. – С. 5-8, 12-16, 20-43.
Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1976. – С. 5-16, 46-53.
Студенець Г.І. Історія англійської мови в таблицях. - К.: КДЛУ, 1998. – Tables 10-24,26-29
Слайд 4


Описание слайда:
Why should we learn the History of the English language?
In studying the English language today, we are faced with a number of irregularities which appear to be unintelligible from the modern point of view.
E.g. hit, get, but light, daughter, know or read
cut-cut-cut, but put-put-put
book-books, but man-men, foot-feet, mouse-mice,
child-children
The subject of the History of the English Language is a systematic study of the language development from the earliest times to the present day.
Слайд 5


Описание слайда:
There are approximately 7000 languages in the world. Languages can be classified according to different principles. The genealogical classification groups languages in accordance their origin from a common linguistic ancestor.
There are approximately 7000 languages in the world. Languages can be classified according to different principles. The genealogical classification groups languages in accordance their origin from a common linguistic ancestor.
Genetically, English belongs to the Germanic group of languages, which is one of the groups of the IE language family.
Слайд 7


Описание слайда:
Indo-European family has 12 important branches: Indian, Iranian, Baltic, Slavonic, Germanic, Romanic, Celtic, Greek, Albanian, Armenian, Hettish, and Tocharian. Thus English belongs to the Germanic branch of Indo-European family while Ukrainian belongs to the Slavonic branch of the same family, which means that they have a common ancestor. It is usually referred to as Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It existed approximately 6000 years BC.
Indo-European family has 12 important branches: Indian, Iranian, Baltic, Slavonic, Germanic, Romanic, Celtic, Greek, Albanian, Armenian, Hettish, and Tocharian. Thus English belongs to the Germanic branch of Indo-European family while Ukrainian belongs to the Slavonic branch of the same family, which means that they have a common ancestor. It is usually referred to as Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It existed approximately 6000 years BC.
Слайд 8


Описание слайда:
Common Germanic branch later split up into three groups:
Common Germanic branch later split up into three groups:
North Germanic, represented only by Old Norse, which is also called Old Icelandic;
West Germanic, including Old High German, Old Low German, Old Saxon, Old English and Old Frisian;
East Germanic group, represented by Gothic, Burgandian and Vandalic.
The latter three languages died and are not represented in classification of Modern Germanic languages.
Слайд 10


Описание слайда:
In the 5th c. AD some of the Germanic tribes which lived on the northern coast of Western Europe, namely the Jutes, the Frisians, the Angles and the Saxons, crossed the channel and began to conquer Britain. The invasion started in 449 AD. Since this time we can speak about the English language proper. The history of the English language is usually subdivided into three periods:
In the 5th c. AD some of the Germanic tribes which lived on the northern coast of Western Europe, namely the Jutes, the Frisians, the Angles and the Saxons, crossed the channel and began to conquer Britain. The invasion started in 449 AD. Since this time we can speak about the English language proper. The history of the English language is usually subdivided into three periods:
Old English (OE) – V (VII) – XI cc.;
Middle English (ME) – XII – XV cc. ;
New English (NE) – XVI c. – present day
Слайд 12


Описание слайда:
The English scholar
The English scholar
Henry Sweet (1845-1912), author of a number of works on the English language and on its history, proposed
the following division of
the history of English according to the character of vowels in unstressed positions:
OE as the period of full endings (singan),
ME as the period of leveled endings (singen),
NE as the period of lost endings (to sing).
Слайд 15


Описание слайда:
Each of the periods may be characterized by specific features in different aspects of the language: phonology, grammar and vocabulary. If we approach the analysis of the English language of the OE period,
we have to mention, first of all, the shift of stress which took place in PG. If in PIE there were two kinds of stress - musical and dynamic, in Germanic languages only dynamic stress is preserved. In IE word stress was free and movable, in PG (and OE) it became fixed on the first syllable.
Слайд 16


Описание слайда:
Word Stress in PG
Due to the force of articulation the stressed and unstressed syllables underwent different changes: stressed syllables were pronounced with great distinctness and precision, while unstressed syllables became less distinct and phonetically weakened.
PG *mak-oj-an
OE macian
Слайд 22


Описание слайда:
The changes of consonants in PG were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by J. Grimm in 1822
The essence of Grimm’s Law
The type of articulation changes while the place of articulation is unchanged.
As a result there appeared more fricatives in PG than there were in PIE.
The correspondences were grouped under 3 acts.
Each of the acts covered quite a long period of time about 100 years and more.
Слайд 26


Описание слайда:
When Grimm's law was discovered, a strange irregularity was spotted in its operation.
When Grimm's law was discovered, a strange irregularity was spotted in its operation.
The PIE voiceless plosives *p, *t and *k should have changed into PG *f , *θ and *x, according to Grimm's Law. Indeed, that was known to be the usual development. However, there appeared to be a large set of words in which the agreement of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Baltic, Slavic etc. guaranteed PIE *p, *t or *k, and yet the Germanic reflex was voiced (*b, *d or *g).
Слайд 27


Описание слайда:
Carl Verner
(1787 – 1832)
Karl Verner, a Danish scholar, noticed
that a great number of exceptions
to Grimm's Law also had a regularity
and system of their own, and
could be explained logically as well.
Comparing Sanskrit and Germanic cognates,
Verner was able to see that stress patterns in words had influenced the pronunciation of nearby consonants.
Слайд 28
![Verner’s law explains regular correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s law were for a long time regarded as exceptions.
According to Verner’s Law: All the early PG voiceless fricatives [f, θ, Χ], which appeared under Grimm’s Law, also [s] inherited from PIE, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless.
t → θ → ð → d Lat. altus → OE ald](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img27.jpg)
![Verner’s law explains regular correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s law were for a long time regarded as exceptions.
According to Verner’s Law: All the early PG voiceless fricatives [f, θ, Χ], which appeared under Grimm’s Law, also [s] inherited from PIE, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless.
t → θ → ð → d Lat. altus → OE ald](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img27.jpg)
Описание слайда:
Verner’s law explains regular correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s law were for a long time regarded as exceptions.
According to Verner’s Law: All the early PG voiceless fricatives [f, θ, Χ], which appeared under Grimm’s Law, also [s] inherited from PIE, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed; in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless.
t → θ → ð → d Lat. altus → OE ald
Слайд 32
![Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
in the place of the voiceless [θ], which should be expected under Grimm’s law.
In LPG the phonetic conditions that caused
the voicing had disappeared – the stress had shifted to the 1st syllable. Part of the forms retained a voiceless fricative
While other forms – with a different position of stress in EPG – acquired a voiced fricative.
OE cweþan – cwæþ – cwædon – cweden (NE to say)
[θ] - [d]](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img31.jpg)
![Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
in the place of the voiceless [θ], which should be expected under Grimm’s law.
In LPG the phonetic conditions that caused
the voicing had disappeared – the stress had shifted to the 1st syllable. Part of the forms retained a voiceless fricative
While other forms – with a different position of stress in EPG – acquired a voiced fricative.
OE cweþan – cwæþ – cwædon – cweden (NE to say)
[θ] - [d]](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img31.jpg)
Описание слайда:
Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
in the place of the voiceless [θ], which should be expected under Grimm’s law.
In LPG the phonetic conditions that caused
the voicing had disappeared – the stress had shifted to the 1st syllable. Part of the forms retained a voiceless fricative
While other forms – with a different position of stress in EPG – acquired a voiced fricative.
OE cweþan – cwæþ – cwædon – cweden (NE to say)
[θ] - [d]
Слайд 33
![As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the verbs termed
As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the verbs termed
GRAMMATICAL INTERCHANGE
OE ceosan – ceas – curon – coren (NE to choose)
[s] - [r]
OE cweþan – cwæþ – cwædon – cweden (NE to say)
[θ] - [d]
OE wesan – wæs – wæron (NE to be)
[s] - [r]
Comp. NE dead – death, was – were](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img32.jpg)
![As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the verbs termed
As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the verbs termed
GRAMMATICAL INTERCHANGE
OE ceosan – ceas – curon – coren (NE to choose)
[s] - [r]
OE cweþan – cwæþ – cwædon – cweden (NE to say)
[θ] - [d]
OE wesan – wæs – wæron (NE to be)
[s] - [r]
Comp. NE dead – death, was – were](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img32.jpg)
Описание слайда:
As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the verbs termed
As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the grammatical forms of the verbs termed
GRAMMATICAL INTERCHANGE
OE ceosan – ceas – curon – coren (NE to choose)
[s] - [r]
OE cweþan – cwæþ – cwædon – cweden (NE to say)
[θ] - [d]
OE wesan – wæs – wæron (NE to be)
[s] - [r]
Comp. NE dead – death, was – were
Слайд 37
![These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words in different modern languages which are connected with the changes in the sounds [o] and [a]. Many words in Modern Germanic languages have [a], while in Modern Ukrainian or Russian there is [o], though these languages go back to IE: e.g. German Zaltz – Rus. соль, Ukr. (дай) солі, etc.
These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words in different modern languages which are connected with the changes in the sounds [o] and [a]. Many words in Modern Germanic languages have [a], while in Modern Ukrainian or Russian there is [o], though these languages go back to IE: e.g. German Zaltz – Rus. соль, Ukr. (дай) солі, etc.](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img36.jpg)
![These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words in different modern languages which are connected with the changes in the sounds [o] and [a]. Many words in Modern Germanic languages have [a], while in Modern Ukrainian or Russian there is [o], though these languages go back to IE: e.g. German Zaltz – Rus. соль, Ukr. (дай) солі, etc.
These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words in different modern languages which are connected with the changes in the sounds [o] and [a]. Many words in Modern Germanic languages have [a], while in Modern Ukrainian or Russian there is [o], though these languages go back to IE: e.g. German Zaltz – Rus. соль, Ukr. (дай) солі, etc.](/documents_7/474ea29a1c80cc876ec993c7ee210e35/img36.jpg)
Описание слайда:
These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words in different modern languages which are connected with the changes in the sounds [o] and [a]. Many words in Modern Germanic languages have [a], while in Modern Ukrainian or Russian there is [o], though these languages go back to IE: e.g. German Zaltz – Rus. соль, Ukr. (дай) солі, etc.
These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words in different modern languages which are connected with the changes in the sounds [o] and [a]. Many words in Modern Germanic languages have [a], while in Modern Ukrainian or Russian there is [o], though these languages go back to IE: e.g. German Zaltz – Rus. соль, Ukr. (дай) солі, etc.
Слайд 41


Описание слайда:
Most nouns and adjectives in PG, and also many verbs, had stem-forming suffixes.
Most nouns and adjectives in PG, and also many verbs, had stem-forming suffixes.
According to stem forming suffixes nouns in PG were divided into the following groups:
nouns with vowel stems – vocalic stems;
nouns with consonant stems – consonantal stems;
root nouns without stem forming suffixes – root stems.
Слайд 43


Описание слайда:
The Verb
.The majority of the verbs in PG and in the OG languages fall into two large groups called strong and weak. The main difference between them was in the means of building the basic forms (the Present Tense, the Past Tense and Participle II).
The terms strong and weak were proposed by J. Grimm; he called the verbs strong because they had preserved the richness of form since the age of PIE and could be contrasted to weak verbs lacking such variety of forms.
Слайд 44


Описание слайда:
STRONG AND WEAK VERBS
The strong verbs built their basic forms with the help of root vowels interchanges (ablaut) and certain grammatical endings.
E.g. Goth. faran – fōr – fōrun – farans (to go)
The weak verbs are a specifically Germanic innovation, for this way of building the basic forms is not found outside the Germanic group. They built the Past Tense and Participle II by inserting a dental suffix (ð, θ, d) between the root and the ending.
E.g. Goth. saljan – salida – saliþs (to give) OE locian – locode – locod (to look)
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