Morphological Structure of the English Word. Word-building презентация

Morphological Structure of the English Word. Word-building. Julia E. Mishina

Points to be discussed: Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Morphological structure of the English word. Word formation: Affixation. Conversion. Compound words. Shortening and minor types of word-building

Vocabulary – the system formed by the sum total of all the words that the language possesses. Language – a semiological system as the main and basic means of human communication. Word – the basic unit of the language, the unity of expression (sound form) and the content (meaning).

Branches of Lexicology

Branches of Lexicology

The place of Lexicology within Linguistics

Practical value of Lexicology provides the correct use of synonyms gives basic knowledge of word-building patterns helps to avoid semantic calque from one’s native language teaches to identify set-expressions, synonyms, phraseological units etc. and to translate them properly teaches to differentiate between polysemantic words and homonyms

The size-of-unit problem The fox hid in the fox-hole. (Common Case - Singular)

The identity-of-unit problem Variants of the word: phonetic automatic: a book – an apple accentual: ‘territory – terri’tory emic: direct [di’rekt, dai’rekt] morphological: grammatical: learn-learned, learnt lexical: stylistic – stylistical semantic: sweet tea – a sweet voice

Classification of morphemes

The two aspects of lexical morphology

Structural types of words Simple (root) Derived stems (derivatives) Compound stems Compound derivatives

‘One-way’ and ‘two-way’ segmentability of the word beautiful beauty careful beauteous wonderful to beautify hopeful beautician, etc. plentiful, etc.

Lexical-morphological categories The lexical-morphological categories are those categories of the most general character which are realized in the semantic opposition according to a certain distinctive feature of two or more words on condition that the same opposition finds systematic expression.

Lexical-morphological categories lexical morphological category of quality: black – blackness, dark – darkness, quiet – quietness, happy – happiness lexical morphological category of action-agent: to do – doer, to read – reader, to manage – manager, to go – goer, to combine –combiner, to intrude – intruder lexical morphological category of caritivity : friend – friendless, faith – faithless, rest – restless, tree – treeless, expression – expressionless

(to) drive + er = driver (n) Structural pattern: Verb stem + ”er”suffix(noun forming)= noun Semantic pattern: Action + “agent of action” = profession

Word-building patterns

Affixation – forming a word by combining a stem and derivational affixes

Conversion- a special type of derivation in which the word-forming means is the paradigm of the word Semantic changes which accompany conversion: N – a tool, V – an action performed by it; N - an animal, V – typical behavior; N – a profession, V – typical activity; N – a container, V – the process of occupying this container; N – period of time, V – presence somewhere within this period; N – a meal, V – the process of taking it.

Composition – forming a word by combining two or more stems Structural classification of compounds Neutral: bedroom, snowfall Morphological: speedometer, Afro-Asian, statesman Syntactical (lexicalized phrases): son-in-law, pepper-and-salt, with a devil-may-care expression on his face, his next what’s-her-name, A.Christie’s famous whodunit Derivational: blue-eyed, writing table Contracted: math-mistress, V-day, H-bag

Semantic classification of compounds

Criteria for differentiating a compound from a word-combination Semantic: a compound denotes one notion Phonetic: a compound has unifying stress Morphological: a compound is characterized by a single grammatical framing Syntactic: a compound can’t be enlarged

Shortening - the process of substituting a part for a whole Clipping – cutting off of a part of a word to one or two syllables Abbreviation – forming a word out of the initial elements of a word-combination Blending – combining parts (but not morphemes) of two words to form one word

Minor types of word-building Sound and stress interchange Sound imitation Reduplication Back-formation