Morphological Structure of the English Word. Word-building презентация

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Презентации» Английский язык» Morphological Structure of the English Word. Word-building
Morphological Structure of the English Word. Word-building. 
 Julia E. MishinaPoints to be discussed:
 Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.
 MorphologicalVocabulary – the system formed by the sum total of allBranches of LexicologyBranches of LexicologyThe place of Lexicology within LinguisticsPractical value of Lexicology
 provides the correct use of synonyms
 givesThe size-of-unit problem
 The fox hid in the fox-hole.
  The identity-of-unit problem
 Variants of the word:
 phonetic
 automatic: a bookClassification of morphemesThe two aspects of lexical morphologyStructural types of words
 Simple (root)
 Derived stems (derivatives)
 Compound stems
‘One-way’ and ‘two-way’ segmentability of the word 
   Lexical-morphological categories
 The lexical-morphological categories are those categories of the mostLexical-morphological categories
 lexical morphological category of quality: black – blackness, dark(to) drive + er = driver (n)
 Structural pattern:
  VerbWord-building patternsAffixation – forming a word by combining a stem and derivationalConversion- a special type of derivation in which the word-forming meansComposition – forming a word by combining two or more stemsSemantic classification of compoundsCriteria for differentiating a compound from a word-combination
 Semantic: a compoundShortening - the process of substituting a part for a whole
Minor types of word-building
 Sound and stress interchange
 Sound imitation
 Reduplication



Слайды и текст этой презентации
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Morphological Structure of the English Word. Word-building. Julia E. Mishina


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Points to be discussed: Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Morphological structure of the English word. Word formation: Affixation. Conversion. Compound words. Shortening and minor types of word-building

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Vocabulary – the system formed by the sum total of all the words that the language possesses. Language – a semiological system as the main and basic means of human communication. Word – the basic unit of the language, the unity of expression (sound form) and the content (meaning).

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Branches of Lexicology

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Branches of Lexicology

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The place of Lexicology within Linguistics

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Practical value of Lexicology provides the correct use of synonyms gives basic knowledge of word-building patterns helps to avoid semantic calque from one’s native language teaches to identify set-expressions, synonyms, phraseological units etc. and to translate them properly teaches to differentiate between polysemantic words and homonyms

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The size-of-unit problem The fox hid in the fox-hole. (Common Case - Singular)

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The identity-of-unit problem Variants of the word: phonetic automatic: a book – an apple accentual: ‘territory – terri’tory emic: direct [di’rekt, dai’rekt] morphological: grammatical: learn-learned, learnt lexical: stylistic – stylistical semantic: sweet tea – a sweet voice

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Classification of morphemes

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The two aspects of lexical morphology

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Structural types of words Simple (root) Derived stems (derivatives) Compound stems Compound derivatives

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‘One-way’ and ‘two-way’ segmentability of the word beautiful beauty careful beauteous wonderful to beautify hopeful beautician, etc. plentiful, etc.

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Lexical-morphological categories The lexical-morphological categories are those categories of the most general character which are realized in the semantic opposition according to a certain distinctive feature of two or more words on condition that the same opposition finds systematic expression.

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Lexical-morphological categories lexical morphological category of quality: black – blackness, dark – darkness, quiet – quietness, happy – happiness lexical morphological category of action-agent: to do – doer, to read – reader, to manage – manager, to go – goer, to combine –combiner, to intrude – intruder lexical morphological category of caritivity : friend – friendless, faith – faithless, rest – restless, tree – treeless, expression – expressionless

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(to) drive + er = driver (n) Structural pattern: Verb stem + ”er”suffix(noun forming)= noun Semantic pattern: Action + “agent of action” = profession

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Word-building patterns

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Affixation – forming a word by combining a stem and derivational affixes

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Conversion- a special type of derivation in which the word-forming means is the paradigm of the word Semantic changes which accompany conversion: N – a tool, V – an action performed by it; N - an animal, V – typical behavior; N – a profession, V – typical activity; N – a container, V – the process of occupying this container; N – period of time, V – presence somewhere within this period; N – a meal, V – the process of taking it.

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Composition – forming a word by combining two or more stems Structural classification of compounds Neutral: bedroom, snowfall Morphological: speedometer, Afro-Asian, statesman Syntactical (lexicalized phrases): son-in-law, pepper-and-salt, with a devil-may-care expression on his face, his next what’s-her-name, A.Christie’s famous whodunit Derivational: blue-eyed, writing table Contracted: math-mistress, V-day, H-bag

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Semantic classification of compounds

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Criteria for differentiating a compound from a word-combination Semantic: a compound denotes one notion Phonetic: a compound has unifying stress Morphological: a compound is characterized by a single grammatical framing Syntactic: a compound can’t be enlarged

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Shortening - the process of substituting a part for a whole Clipping – cutting off of a part of a word to one or two syllables Abbreviation – forming a word out of the initial elements of a word-combination Blending – combining parts (but not morphemes) of two words to form one word

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Minor types of word-building Sound and stress interchange Sound imitation Reduplication Back-formation


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