The morphological structure of english words and word-building in english. (Lecture 3-4) презентация

Lecture 3-4. The Morphological Structure of English Words and Word-building in English (Part II) Plan Conversion Composition Shortening (clipping) Back-formation Blending Less productive and non-productive ways of word building

What do you remember from the previous part? Morphemes: Roots, affixes: prefixes, suffixes, infixes. Affixation: Prefixation Suffixation

1. Conversion (zero derivation) is making a new word by changing the part of speech characteristics of the word without changing its morphemic shape. The most productive pattern of conversion (конверсионная модель) is N→V: honeymoon→to honeymoon. Less productive is the pattern Adj→N: slow→to slow (us. to slow down – сбавлять скорость). The pattern V→N is much less frequent than the pattern N→V: to fall – a fall.

Conversion Noun-verb conversion He elbowed his way through the crowd. Problems snowballed by the hour. The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.

Conversion Verb-noun conversion He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait. This little restaurant is quite a find. It is a good buy. He took a close look at the machine.

Conversion Verb-noun conversion Phrasal verb-noun conversion

Conversion Adjective-noun conversion 1. Partial conversion Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned

Conversion Adjective-noun conversion 2. Complete conversion A native, two natives, a returned native He is a natural for the job. Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. They are the creatives in the advertising department.

2. Compounding Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.

Compounding Type of composition: Solid (without linking elements): bedtime, honeymoon With linking vowel or consonant: saleswoman, handicraft With linking preposition or conjunction: mother-in-law, bread-and-butter Syntactic – by lexicalized phrase: forget-me-not, stick-in-the-mud Derivational: teenager, blue-eyed, town-planning

Compounding Structure of the compounds: 1) two simple stems: pen-knife, bookcase; 2) one derived stem: chainsmoker, cinema-going; 3) one clipped stem: B-girl, H-bomb; 4) one compound stem: wastepaper-basket.

3. Shortening (Clipping or Curtailment) Types of shortening or abbreviation 1) clipped words: those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.

Shortening Clipped words can be of different types: ad=advertisement expo=exposition phone=telephone pro=professional memo=memorandum tec=detective heli or copter=helicopter comfy=comfortable

Shortening 2) initialisms (инициальная аббревиатура): a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism proper is pronounced letter by letter. acronyms: words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.

Shortening examples IOC=International Olympic Committee BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation ISBN=International Standard Book Number CAD=computer assisted design cm=centimeter TB=tuberculosis

Shortening examples Basic=Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction TEFL=teaching English as a foreign language UNESCO=the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Sars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Shortening gymnasium dormitory handkerchief gasoline kilogram influenza business parachute refrigerator taxicab

Shortening CPU DIY CEO IT AI SOS IDD GMT VIP P.S. a.m. p.m.

4. Backformation (Обратное словообразование) Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation.

Backformation Examples edit from editor automate from automation enthuse from enthusiasm gloom from gloomy donate from donation brainwash from brainwashing sleep-walk from sleep-walking

5.Blending Контаминация Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.

Blending Examples newscast (news＋broadcast) brunch (breakfast＋lunch) smog (smoke＋fog) talkathon (talk＋marathon) slimnastics (slim＋gymnastics) videophone ( video ＋telephone)

Blending sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawk

6. Less productive and non-productive ways of word building Sound imitation (Onomatopoeia) is a way of word-formation which consists in imitating the sounds made by animals, birds, insects, men and different objects: bang, giggle, quack.

Reduplication (Repetition) consists in a complete or partial repetition of the stem or of the whole word (bye-bye), often with a variation of the root vowel or consonant (ping-pong) These words are always colloqual or slang, among them there many nursery words. 1) the words in which the same stem is repeated without any changes (pretty-pretty, goody-goody, never-never (утопия); 2) words with a vowel variation (chit-chat (сплетни), ping-pong, tip-top); 3) words with pseudomorphemes (rhyme combinations) (lovey-dovey, walkie-talkie, willy-nilly); the parts of such words don’t exist as separate words.

Ellipsis is the omission of a word or words considered essential for grammatical completeness but not for the conveyance of the intended lexical meaning: pub←public house, daily←daily newspaper, sale←cutprice sale, taxi←taximotor cab (ellipsis+apocopy in the last word).

Non-productive ways of word-building Sound interchange : vowel-interchange (to sing – song, to live – live) and consonant-interchange (use – to use [z], advice – to advise). Consonant interchange may be combined with vowel interchange: bath – to bathe. Distinctive stress is found in groups like `present – pres`ent, `conduct – con`duct, `abstract – abstr’act, etc. These words were French borrowings with the original stress on the last syllable.

Why should you know the ways of word-building in English?