Global Economic Environment презентация

Global Economic Environment -THE WORLD ECONOMY (AN OVERVIEW) -ECONOMIC SYSTEMS -STAGES OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT -BALANCE OF PAYMENTS -OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCE

The World Economy (an overview) a. Which historical event marks the emergence of global markets? b. What was the percentage of economic integration at the beginning of the 20th century and what is the precentage now? c. Which product can be use as an example to show such market integration?

answers a. World War II b. before 10% , now 50% c. cars

In the last 20 years the global market has change shaping a number of new realites to be taken into acount: In the last 20 years the global market has change shaping a number of new realites to be taken into acount: Capital movements replace trade as the driving force of economy Production is uncoupled from employment a. which economic activity in USA is a clear example of this disparity? Countrys' economies are subordinate to global economy b. What is the secret of the succes of Japanese and German companies? Pure socialism prove to be inefficient as economic system c. How socialist countries adapted to new global market conditions? e-commerce has diminished the importance of national barriers d. which two inventions made possible the informatic era?

answers a. Cereal farming b. Leaders and policy makers focus on world market and the competition in each country c. by mix approach with capitalism d. PC's and the Internet

Economic systems Traditional approach: Based on resource allocation (market vs command) and ownership (Private vs State) Market Capitalism Centrally Planned Socialism Centrally Planned Capitalism Market Socialism

Modern approach: Modern approach: Based on a more descriptive criteria. Type of Economy Type of government Trade and Capital Flows The commanding Heights Services provided by the state and funded through taxes Institutions Markets

Advanced Industry State Advanced Industry State Emerging Economy Type of Economy Transition economy Developing Nation Monarchy Dictatorship (Tyrant) Type of Government Autocratic one party system Dominated by another state Democracy with multiparty system Unstable terrorist nation

Complete free trade Complete free trade Incomplete free trade Trade and capital flows Trading block Currency board or exchange control There is no trade Dominated by goverment The commanding heights Transportation -Are they owned and operated by the state? Communication -Mix of state and private ownership? Energy -All private -With or wothout controlled prices

-Pensions, health care and education provided -Pensions, health care and education provided Services provided by the state -Pensions and education and funded through taxes (no health care) -Privatized systems dominate Transparency Standards Institutions No corruption Free press Strong court

Free markets with high risk/ high reward entrepreneurial dynamism Free markets with high risk/ high reward entrepreneurial dynamism Free market dominated by monopolies, cartels, and concentrated industries Markets Socialized market with cooperation between business, government and labor (little entrepreneurial support) Planning includes price and wage control and it is dominated by the center

Stages of Market Development Low income countries: Gross Net Income per capita less than $ 936 Lower middle income countries: GNI per capita from $936 to $3705 Upper middle income countries: GNI per capita from $3706 to $11455 High income countries: GNI per capita over $11455

Stages of Market Development Low income countries: less than $ 936 -Little industrialization, high agriculture (peasants farming) -Low literacy rates -Reliance on foreign aid -Political inestability / unrest Exercise: a. Why is Bangladesh genuine market opportunity? b. Which measures were taken by india to promote market development? c. Which are some of indias world class companies? d. Which characteristic makes India a good place to sell products and services?

anwers: a. There are low wages Industry is promoted by the goverment It is favored by a trade agreement (MFA) -Mul-Fiber Arrangement- It sells in places others can't (like USA where chinese products are restricted) b. Eliminating import license requirements Reducing tariffs Easing restrictions on Foreign Investment Liberalizing the rupee

c. Infosys c. Infosys Mahindra and Mahindra Tata Wipro d. Huge population

Lower middle income countries: GNI per capita from $936 to $3705 Lower middle income countries: GNI per capita from $936 to $3705 -Rapid expansion -Labor forces target foreign markets (Russia, China) Exercise: a. What is their competitive advantage? b. Why is the Chinese market attrative for other countries? c. How is China supporting its export led economic transformation?

answers a. Mature, standirized labor intense industries such as toy makers and textiles. b. becouse of its vast size and market potential. c. Infrastructure projects (airports, cargo ports, railroads, etc)

Upper middle income countries: GNI per capita from $3706 to $11455 Upper middle income countries: GNI per capita from $3706 to $11455 AKA industrialized or developing countries. -Low percentage of people involved in agriculture - Increased degree of urbanization - High literacy rates - Wages growth (Russia, Brazil)

Exercise: Exercise: a. Name some advantageous characteristics of Brazil? b. Which kind of contrasting situations can be found in Brazilian economy? c. Are there any similar contrasts in China?

Answers Answers a. is the largest in South America in terms of economy, population, territory, and natural resources b. while distribution services are computarized, horse drawn carts are a common way to deliver goods. c. your opinion

Balance of Payments Record of all economic transsactions between residents of a country and the rest of the world. It can be measured by analysing the Current accounts, and the Capital Accounts The current account: is a broad measure that includes: -merchandise trade -Service trade and -Some financial transfers (humanitarian aid) A country with negative current account balance has trade deficit when the flow of money exceeds the inflow of money for sales exports. (it is buying more than it sells). On the other hand, positive current account balance translates in trade surplus. Capital account: is a record of all long term direct ivestment, portafolio investment, and other short and long term capital flows.

A country accumulates reserves when the net of current and capital account transactions show surplus. In contrast, it gives up reserves when the net shows a deficit. A country accumulates reserves when the net of current and capital account transactions show surplus. In contrast, it gives up reserves when the net shows a deficit. Exercise: a. Why USA shows a growing trade deficit? -increased imports from china -insatiable demand for imported products -the cost of military operations in middle east (USA balances the situation with a continuos and growing surplus on services)

Overview of International Finance - spot market vs forward market -central bank role: buys and sells currency to influence exchange rates -currency speculators -currency conversion issue for companies Purchasing power parity Economic exposure Managing exchange rate exposure