Lancelet- its importance in evolution PHYLOGENESIS OF CHORD AVIAN EXCREATORY презентация

Lancelet The lancelets  also known as amphioxi (singular: amphioxus ), consist of some 30–35 species of "fish-like" benthic filter feeding chordates [n the order Amphioxiformes. They are the modern representatives of the subphylum Cephalochordata.

SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION

HABITAT Lancelets are distributed in shallow subtidal sand flats in temperate (as far north as Norway), subtropical and tropical seas around the world. The only exception is Asymmetron inferum, a species known from the vicinity of whale falls at a depth of about 225 m (738 ft). Although they are able to swim, adult amphioxi are mostly benthic. They live in sandy bottoms whose granulometry depends on the species and the site, and they are usually found half-buried in sand.

Feeding Their habitat preference reflects their feeding method: they only expose the front end to the water and filter-feed on plankton by means of a branchial ciliary current that passes water through a mucous sheet. Branchiostoma floridae is capable of trapping particles from microbial to small phytoplankton size,while B. lanceolatum preferentially traps bigger particles (>4 µm).

Reproduction and spawning Lancelets are gonochoric animals, i.e. having two sexes, and reproduce via external fertilization. They only reproduce during their spawning season, which varies slightly between species - usually corresponding to spring and summer months. All lancelets species spawn shortly after sunset, either synchronously (e.g. Branchiostoma floridae, about once every 2 weeks during spawning season) or asynchronously (Branchiostoma lanceolatum, gradual spawning through the season.

Importance in evolution Amphioxus or lancelets have been regarded as a key animal in understanding the origin of vertebrates. However, the evolutionary history within this lineage remains unexplored. As the amphioxus lineage has likely been separated from other chordates for a very long time and displays a marked left-right asymmetry, Its evolutionary history is potentially helpful in better understanding chordate and vertebrate origins. We studied the phylogenetic relationships within the extant amphioxus lineage based on mitochondrial genomes incorporating new Asymmetron and Epigonichthys populations, and bosed on previously reported nucléar transcriptomes.

EVOLUTION OF AVIAN EXCREATORY SYSTEM

HISTORY Studies of the embryonic development of primitive vertebrates, such as the dogfish shark, clearly show that the excretory system arises from a series of tubules, one pair in every segment of the body between the heart and the tail. This continuous series of tubules constitutes the archinephros, the name implying that the kidney of the ancestral vertebrate had some such form as this. Each tubule opens internally to the body cavity and may, in the remote past, have opened separately to the exterior; but in all living vertebrates the tubules open on each side into a longitudinal duct, the archinephric duct

. At the posterior end of the body cavity the two archinephric ducts unite before opening to the exterior. Later in development, Bowman’s capsule arises as a diverticulum of each tubule, subsequently becoming indented by the glomerulus. Eventually, the tubules usually lose their internal openings to the body cavity. The most anterior tubules of the archinephros (pronephros) usually degenerate in the adult. . At the posterior end of the body cavity the two archinephric ducts unite before opening to the exterior. Later in development, Bowman’s capsule arises as a diverticulum of each tubule, subsequently becoming indented by the glomerulus. Eventually, the tubules usually lose their internal openings to the body cavity. The most anterior tubules of the archinephros (pronephros) usually degenerate in the adult. In the reptiles, birds, and mammals there is greater separation of function, the mesonephros being exclusively genital and the metanephros being exclusively urinary.

DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS OF EXCREATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE ALPORT SYNDROME FABRY DISEASE

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