Old English Pronouns презентация

Old English Pronouns Выполнила Петривная Анастасия ПП/с-18-2-2

Types of pronouns in Old English: 1)Personal 2)Possessive 3)Demonstrative 4)Interrogative 5)Definite 6)Indefinite 7)Negative 8)Relative

Personal pronouns As in Gothic, there were singular, plural and dual pronouns (only for the 1st and 2nd persons). They could be accompanied by the pronoun self (seolf, sylf) (sometimes it was used without a personal pronoun). They had four cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, and Accusative. The Genitive case gave the forms of the Modern English possessive pronouns.

Personal pronouns

Possessive pronouns This type is derived from the genitive case of the personal pronouns. There were two types of declension: pronouns mīn, þīn, ūre, ēower, uncer, and incer decline like strong adjectives, showing the case and gender corresponding to that of the noun which they described; pronouns his, hire, and hiera were unchanged. Also, there were the reflexive pronoun sīn, which was also declined as a strong adjective. After the words, mīn, þīn, sīn, ūre, ēower, uncer, incer, his, hire, and hira you will have weak adjective declensions.

Possessive pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns There were two demonstrative pronouns: sē, which could function as both 'the' or 'that', and þes for 'this'. Modern English 'that' descends from the neuter nominative/accusative form, and 'the' from the plural nominative/accusative form. The feminine nominative form was probably the source of Modern English 'she’.

Demonstrative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns The pronouns hwā ‘who’ and hwæt ‘what’ agreed with the gender of the noun to which they refered, whether masculine/feminine, or neuter. Since there's only singular, that serves for the plural as well. The interrogative hwilc ‘which of many’ and hwæðer ‘which of two’ were declined as strong adjectives.

Interrogative pronouns

Definite pronouns There were the pronouns ᵹehwā ‘every’ (declined as the interrogative hwā), ᵹehwilc ‘each’, ᵹehwæt - ‘anything’ or ‘everything’(declined just the interrogate pronoun hwæt). ǣþᵹer ‘either’, ǣlc ‘each’, swilc ‘such’ (declined as strong adjective), sē ilca ‘the same’ (declined as a weak adjective).

Indefinite pronouns The indefinite pronouns sum ‘some’ and ǣniᵹ ‘any’ were declined like a strong adjectives.

Negative pronouns Included pronouns nān and nǣniᵹ (both with meaning ‘no’, ‘none’)and declined as strong adjectives.

Relative pronouns They included the most popular pronoun þe and sēþe, which consisted of the demonstrative sē and relative þe (sē changed according to gender, number, and case; þe remained unchanged). The pronoun sē itself was also used as a relative pronoun (however, it could be translated as a demonstrative or relative pronoun).