Singapore English презентация

Singapore English Kuznetsova A, AIN-1701

Singapore English (SgE, en-SG) (similar and related to British English) is the English language spoken in Singapore, of which there are two main forms, Standard Singapore English and Singapore Colloquial English (better known as Singlish). Singapore English (SgE, en-SG) (similar and related to British English) is the English language spoken in Singapore, of which there are two main forms, Standard Singapore English and Singapore Colloquial English (better known as Singlish).

Standard Singapore English The language consists of three sociolects; Acrolect, Mesolect, and Basilect. Both Acrolect and Mesolect are regarded as Standard Singapore English, while Basilect is considered as Singlish. Acrolect; there is no significant and consistent difference from the features of Standard British English (SBE). Mesolect; it has some features distinct from SBE Question tenses in an indirect form; e.g. "May I ask where is the toilet?" Indefinite article deletion (copula absence); e.g. "May I apply for car licence?" (Instead of saying "a" car licence) Lack of marking in verb forms (Regularisation); e.g. "He always go to the shopping centre." Basilect (Singlish); Generalised "is it" question tag; e.g. "You are coming today, Is it?" Consistent copula deletion; e.g. "My handwriting no good, lah." Use of particles like ah; lah, e.g. "Wait ah; Hurry lah, I need to go now!"

Singapore Colloquial English / Singlish Singlish is an English-based creole language spoken in Singapore. Unlike SSE, Singlish includes many discourse particles and loan words from Malay, Mandarin and Hokkien. Many of such loan words include swear words, such as Kanina and Chee Bai. Hence, it is commonly regarded with low prestige in the country and not used in formal communication. However, Singlish has been used in several locally produced films, including Army Daze, Mee Pok Man and Talking Cock the Movie, among others. Some local sitcoms, in particular Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd, also feature extensive use of Singlish. The proliferation of Singlish has been controversial and the use of Singlish is not endorsed by the government. Singapore's first two prime ministers, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have publicly declared that Singlish is a substandard variety that handicaps Singaporeans, presents an obstacle to learning standard English, and renders the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except another Singlish speaker. The country's third and current prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong, has also said that Singlish should not be part of Singapore's identity. In addition, the government launched the Speak Good English Movement in 2000 to encourage Singaporeans to speak proper English. Despite strong criticisms of Singlish, linguist David Yoong has put forward the argument that "Singaporeans who subscribe to Singlish and have a positive attitude towards the code see Singlish as a language that transcends social barriers" and that the language can be used to "forge rapport and, perhaps more importantly, the Singaporean identity". Sociolinguist Anthea Fraser Gupta also argues that Singlish and standard English can and do co-exist, saying that "there is no evidence that the presence of Singlish causes damage to standard English".

Singlish pronunciation, while built on a base of British English, is heavily influenced by Native Malay, Hokkien and Cantonese. Singlish pronunciation, while built on a base of British English, is heavily influenced by Native Malay, Hokkien and Cantonese. There are variations within Singlish, both geographically and ethnically. Chinese, Native Malays, Indians, Eurasians, and other ethnic groups in Singapore all have distinct accents, and the accentedness depends on factors such as formality of the context and language dominance of the speaker.

Consonants

The dental fricatives – /θ/ and /ð/ – merge with /t/ and /d/, so that three = tree and then = den. In syllable-final position, -th is pronounced as -f /f/, so with and birth are pronounced weeff /wif/ and bəff /bəf/ respectively. Under the influence of with, without is often pronounced with /v/ in place of /ð/: /wivaut/. The dental fricatives do occur in acrolectal speech, though even among educated speakers there is some variation. The dental fricatives – /θ/ and /ð/ – merge with /t/ and /d/, so that three = tree and then = den. In syllable-final position, -th is pronounced as -f /f/, so with and birth are pronounced weeff /wif/ and bəff /bəf/ respectively. Under the influence of with, without is often pronounced with /v/ in place of /ð/: /wivaut/. The dental fricatives do occur in acrolectal speech, though even among educated speakers there is some variation. The voiceless stops – /p/, /t/ and /k/ – are sometimes unaspirated, especially among Malays. (Aspiration refers to the strong puff of air that may accompany the release of these stop consonants.) The acoustic effect of this is that the Singlish pronunciation of pat, tin and come sound more similar to bat, din, and gum than in other varieties of English. While it may be believed that the distinction between /l/ and /r/ is not stable at the basilectal level, as TV personality Phua Chu Kang's oft-repeated refrain to "Use your blain!" (use your brain) and "'Don pray pray!'" (Don't play-play, i.e. Don't fool around) may seem to indicate. It is more of a self-deprecating, rather self-aware joke, like "died-ed". One might note, however, that both these examples involve initial consonant clusters (/bl/ and /pl/ respectively), and conflation of /l/ and /r/ is found less often when they are not part of a cluster. /l/ at the end of a syllable, pronounced as a velarised "dark l" in British or American English, is often so velarised in Singlish that it approaches the Close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ], e.g. sale [seɤ]. /l/ also tends to be lost after the back vowels /ɔ/, /o/, /u/, and for some basilectal speakers, the central vowel /ə/. Hence pall = paw /pɔ/, roll = row /ro/, tool = two /tu/, and for some, pearl = per /pə/ Syllabic consonants never occur. Hence taken [tekən] and battle [bɛtəɤ], never [tekn̩] or [bɛtl̩]. When the final /l/ is vocalised, little and litter may be homophones. [ʔ], the glottal stop, is inserted at the beginning of all words starting with a vowel, similar to German. As a result, final consonants do not experience liaison, i.e. run onto the next word. For example, "run out of eggs" would be very roughly "run-nout-to-veggs" in most dialects of English (e.g. [rʌn‿aʊɾ‿əv‿ɛɡz] in General American), but "run 'out 'of 'eggs" in Singlish. [ʔ] replaces final plosive consonants of syllables in regular- to fast-paced speed speech, especially stops: Goodwood Park becomes Gu'-wu' Pa' /ɡuʔ wuʔ paʔ/, and there may be a glottal stop at the end of words such as back and out. Like in Cambodian, where a final 'g' becomes a 'k'; 'bad' becomes 'bat' with an unaspirated 't'. In final position, the distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds – i.e. /s/ & /z/, /t/ & /d/, etc. – is usually not maintained (Final-obstruent devoicing). As a result, cease = seize /sis/ and race = raise /res/. This leads to some mergers of noun/verb pairs, such as belief with believe /bilif/ Final consonant clusters simplify, especially in fast speech. In general, plosives, especially /t/ and /d/, are lost if they come after another consonant: bent = Ben /bɛn/, tact = tack /tɛk/, nest = Ness /nɛs/. /s/ is also commonly lost at the end of a consonant cluster: relax = relac /rilɛk/.

Grammar The grammar of Singlish has been heavily influenced by other languages in the region, such as Malay and Chinese, with some structures being identical to ones in Mandarin and other Chinese varieties. As a result, Singlish has acquired some unique features, especially at the basilectal level. Note that all of the features described below disappear at the acrolectal level, as people in formal situations tend to adjust their speech towards accepted norms found in other varieties of English. Dis country weather very hot one. – The weather is very warm in this country. Dat joker there cannot trust. – You cannot trust the person over there. Tomorrow don't need bring camera. – You don't need to bring a camera tomorrow. He play football also very good one leh. – He's very good at playing football too. Walau, I want to eat chicken rice – Damn, I am craving some chicken rice. I go bus-stop wait for you – I will be waiting for you at the bus-stop.

Singlish phrases Kena Kena ([kɛnɑː]) can be used as an auxiliary to mark the passive voice in some varieties of Singlish. It is derived from a Malay word that means "to encounter or to come into physical contact", and is only used with objects that have a negative effect or connotation. Verbs after kena may appear in the infinitive form (i.e. without tense) or as a past participle. It is similar in meaning to passive markers in Chinese, such as Hokkien tio or Mandarin 被 bèi: He was scolded. = He got scolded. = He kena scold/scolded. If you don't listen to me, you will be punished, after which you will know that you were wrong = If you dun listen, later you get punished, and then you know = don't listen, later you kena punish/punished then you know. Tio Tio ([tiːoʊ]) can be used interchangeably with kena in many scenarios. While kena is often used in negative situations, tio can be used in both positive and negative situations. He tio cancer. (He was diagnosed with cancer.) He tio jackpot. (He struck the jackpot.) He tio lottery. (He struck lottery.) Tio fined lor, what to do? (I got fined, couldn't help it.)

Singlish phrases Lah The ubiquitous word lah (/lá/ or /lâ/), sometimes spelled as la and rarely spelled as larh, luh or lurh, is used at the end of a sentence. It originates from the Standard Average Chinese word used by Chinese people when they speak Singlish, although its usage in Singapore is also been rarely influenced by its occurrence in Malay. Dun worry, he can one lah. – Don't worry, he will be capable of doing it. Okay lah. – It's all right. Don't worry about it. Lah is sometimes used to curse people Go and die lah! Wah Lau / Walao Wah lau ([wɑːlɔː]) is derived from a Hokkien or Teochew phrase that means "my father". It is used as an interjection or exclamation at the beginning of a sentence, and it usually has a negative connotation. Wah lau! I can't believe the teacher gave us so much work to do in such a tight deadline!

Examples https://youtu.be/1UlO0Ot5k0I https://youtu.be/YKIt-j_cong https://youtu.be/PAy-xRLl2Ik