The difference between African American English and Standart English презентация

 The difference between African American English and Standart English АИН 1701 Druzhinina Asya

African American English (AAE) Phonology 1  r-deletion (NOT unique to AAE) guard god nor gnaw sore saw poor pa fort fought court caught  l-deletion (some speakers) toll toe all awe help hep

African American English (AAE) Phonology 2  Consonant cluster simplification (NOT unique /OPTIONAL) passed pass meant men  Neutralization of [I] and [E] before nasals (NOT unique) pin pen bin Ben tin ten  Loss of interdental fricatives (NOT unique) thing fing this, that, these, those  [d]

African American English (AAE) Syntax 1  Double / Multiple negatives (NOT unique to AAE) He don’t know nothing.

African American English (AAE) Syntax 2  Deletion of ‘be’ SAE AAE He is nice / He nice He’s nice They are mine / They mine They’re mine I am going to do it / I gonna do it I’m going to do it

African American English (AAE) Syntax 3  Deletion of ‘be’ Exceptions SAE AAE He is / he’s as nice He as nice as he say he is as he says he is *He’s as nice *He as nice as he say he as he says he’s How beautiful you are How beautiful you are *How beautiful you’re *How beautiful you Here I am Here I am *Here I’m *Here I

African American English (AAE) Syntax 4  Habitual ‘be’ SAE AAE John be happy. John is always happy. John happy. John is happy now. He be late. He is habitually late. He late. He is late this time. Do you be tired? Are you generally tired? You tired? Are you tired now?

Phonological Characteristics Syllable-final devoicing of obstruents (e.g. “mad” sounds like “mat”) Syllable-final consonant deletion (e.g., "man" becomes [mæ᷉]) Syllable-final glottalization (e.g., "good" becomes [gʊʔ], "sight" becomes [saɪʔ], "talk" becomes [tɔʔ]) Substitution of dental fricatives /f/ or /t/ for /θ/ in word-medial and –final position (e.g. “author” becomes [ɔfə], “math” becomes [mæf] ) /d/ for /ð/ in word-initial, and /d/ or /v/ for /ð/ in word-medial and word-final position (e.g. “this” becomes [dɪs], “mother” becomes [mʌvɚ] and “bathe” becomes [beɪv]) Substitution of word-final /ŋ/ : replaced by /n/ in function morphemes and content morphemes with two syllables only (e.g. “tripping” is pronounced as [trɪpɪn] but “sing” does not become[sɪn])

Final consonant cluster reduction: deletion of second consonant in words ending with clusters  Final consonant cluster reduction: deletion of second consonant in words ending with clusters  /sk/, /nd/, /sp/, /ft/, /ld/, /dʒd/, /st/, /sd/, or /nt/ (e.g. “left” becomes [lɛf]; “cold” becomes [kol]; “desk” becomes [dɛs] Substitution of blends /str/ replaced by /skr/ (e.g. “street” becomes [skrit]) /ʃ r/ replaced by /str/ (e.g. “shrill” becomes [strɪl] Use of metathesised forms (e.g. [aks] for “ask” or [graps] for “grasp”) Deletion of liquids: Consonantal /r/ is usually dropped if not followed by a vowel, (e.g. “poor” becomes [po]) or, if it’s between a consonant and a back rounded vowel (e.g.”throw” becomes [tho]) and intervocalic /r/ may also be deleted (e.g. “story” becomes [stɔ.i] ) /l/ is often deleted in patterns similar to /r/ and, is also impacted by cluster reduction. Vowel differences /ɛ/ and /ɪ/ are both pronounced as [ɪ], when they occur before nasal consonants (e.g. pen and pin become homophones). The distinction between /ɪ/ and /iː/ is frequently reduced before liquids(e.g. “feel” and “fill” become homophones). /uː/ and /oʊ/ merge when they occur before /r/. Lowering of /ɪ/ to /ɛ/ or /æ/ before /ŋ/ (e.g. [θɛŋ] or [θæŋ] for thing). Reduction of certain diphthong forms to monophthongs, (e.g. /aɪ/ becomes /aː/, /ɔɪ/ is monophthongized, especially before /l/, making “boil” sound like ‘ball”

Lexical Differences To a great extent, AAVE shares a common lexicon with SAE, particularly vocabulary from informal and southern dialects. However, AAVE varies from SAE more than any other dialect spoken in North America. Over the years many AAVE words have become commonly used by many SAE speakers. Examples include: dig (meaning “to understand/appreciate”), jazz, tote, chill out (meaning to relax, calm down), main squeeze (referring to one's significant other), soul (referring to African American food and music), funky, and threads (meaning “clothes”), def (meaning “excellent”), phat (meaning “extremely good-looking, tasty, nice), diss (meaning “disrespect”), and jive (meaning to speak in a dishonest or misleading manner). AAVE also has words that either are not part of SAE, or have completely different meanings from their usage in SAE. Examples include; kitchen (refers to the curly hair at the nape of the neck), ashy (meaning “dry skin”), siditty (meaning snobbish or bourgeois), and bougie (meaning “an elitist African American”).

Morphologic and Syntactic Characteristics Remote Phase Marker “Remote Phase Marker” is used by some linguists to refer to the aspect marked by stressed “been”. In order to distinguish stressed “been” from unstressed “been” as used in SAE, linguists often write it as “BIN”. (e.g., “She BIN running” means “She has been running for a long time” and “She been running” means “She has been running”). Habitual "Be" In SAE, the phrases "Jess be talking on the phone" and "Jess is talking on the phone" would have the same meaning. However, in AAVE, the phrase "Jess be talking on the phone" means that Jess customarily talks on the phone, but may not be doing so at the moment 

In a study by Jackson and Green (2005), groups of white and black children were shown a picture from Sesame Street in which Cookie Monster lay sick in bed without any cookies, and Elmo stood nearby eating a cookie. When asked "who is eating cookies?" the children all pointed to Elmo. When asked "who be eating cookies?" the black AAVE speakers pointed to Cookie Monster, while the European American children pointed to Elmo. 

examples Chris James - Black British Accent (Stand Up Comedy) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dI38GtWFihY Ebonics Lesson for White People [Kult America] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Duof1hVFeuI How to talk black (Ebonics) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrTSYhGtaqw