IE350 Alternative Energy Course презентация

IE350 Alternative Energy Course Lecture # 2 Energy Outlook: World, USA, Armenia

Energy vs. Power

Units 1 1 Joule - amount of energy required to exert a force of one newton for a distance of one meter. Power = Energy / Time; P=E/t If it is generated or spent during 1 second, then the generator or consumer has the power capacity of 1 watt: 1watt = 1Joule/1second; W=J/s

Units 2 E = P•t 1000W = 1kW of power capacity. 1kW • 60 seconds • 60 minutes = 1 kWh of energy. = 3.6 million Joules

Units 3 Calorie (cal) = heat to increase by 1°C the 1 gram of water. Joule (J): - energy required to exert a force of one newton for a distance of one meter. - The work required to move an electric charge of one coulomb through an electrical potential difference of one volt; or one coulomb volt, with the symbol C·V. - The work done to produce power of one watt continuously for one second; or one watt second (compare kilowatt-hour), with the symbol W·s. 1 kWh = 1000 W · 3600 S = 3.6 · 106 J (W·s) = 3.6 MJ. 1 cal ≈ 4.184 Joules BTU = British Thermal Unit = amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. 143 BTU is required to melt a pound of ice. 1 BTU ≡ 1054.35 Joules ≈ 1/3600 kilowatt hour. MMBTU = 1 000 000 BTU, here M = Mille = 1000 (not Mega, every where else M = Mega = 1 000 000) We will frequently use: Exajoule (EJ) = 1018 J, 1 EJ = 277.[7] billion kWh; Quad = quadrillion BTU = 1015 BTU, 1 EJ ≈ 1 Quad https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)

Your homework -5 for capacity mismatch related unclear calculation. -5 incorrect units used. -5 total for the column “Time used per month, h” meaningless. -5 no percentages calculated. -3 no excel functions used or no excel used. -3 formatting - unnecessary or insufficient decimals. -3 not compared with real bill. -2 for capacity mismatch related representation. Use total power capacity for each line. -2 some missing important items. e.g. fridge. -2 power rating for some items unrealistic. -2 times for some items unrealistic – hence mismatch with the real paid bill. -2 tariff rating either incorrect and or unrealistically uniform -2 calculation unclear

1 The history of human energy consumption How much energy do we need? Where do we spend energy? Home: heat; light; electricity (homework). Industry: agriculture manufacturing services infrastructure, transportation. Industrial Revolution and Energy.

The Coming Oil Crisis

Increasing demand! In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474×1018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504×1013 W).

The potential for renewable energy solar energy >1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).

Rate of world energy usage in terawatts (TW), 1965–2005 (all types of energy)

GDP and energy consumption in Japan

Energy intensity of different economies

The history of human energy consumption

U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2009. From the U.S. Energy Information Administration (Department of Energy).

http://www.iea.org/etp/explore/

Armenia’s Energy Consumption, 2010 Electric power: 5 500 MWh Thermal Energy: 10 000 MWh Transportation: 28 000 MWh (Thermal and transport in equivalent of primary energy calorific content)

Today’s energy challenge Rising demand

Electrical Energy Production, World, 18000 Bln KWh

Average Solar Radiation per Day

Homework Calculate how many times more energy annually will need a. China, b. mankind, if the average world consumption rate per capita is the same as in the USA.