The major concepts of stylistics. Style as a linguistic phenomenon. (Lecture 2) презентация

The Major Concepts of Stylistics. Style as a Linguistic Phenomenon. Lecture 2

Conceptions of style

Style

What is style in language?

Style in linguistics

Style as a decoration of language

Style as a technique of expression

Style as a literary genre

Style depending on the aim of communication

What is the norm? 1. the invariant of the norm (an abstraction: phonetic, lexical, grammar and spelling rules of a language) 2. its variants (realized in concrete texts)

Two opposite points of view Style reveals itself through variations within the limits of the norm.

Deviations

Rule – restriction – violation every countable noun can take -s in plural and be used with an article mass and abstract nouns are used with the Ø article and have no plural form violation

1. a book – books 1. a book – books 2. sand, water sands (a vast amount, the sands of Sahara) the waters of the Pacific 3. footsteps on the sand of war

The Foregrounding Theory Foregrounding – an ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance in a given context. Prague School of Structural Linguistics Russian formalists – Y. Tynyanov, R. Jacobson, B. Tomashevsky, V. Shklovsky

Theory of text structuring Underlining main ideas Dividing text into paragraphs (slow perception of an unbroken text ) Headlines help to focus on main ideas

Types of Foregrounding 1. Coupling 2. Convergence 3. Defeated Expectancy (Low Predictability) 4. Salient Feature (Strong Position)

Coupling a deliberate repetition of similar elements in similar positions R. Jacobson: parallel constructions. S. Levin: universal character of coupling.

So long as men can breathe and eyes can see, So long as men can breathe and eyes can see, So long lives this and this gives life to me. W. Shakespeare Lend your money and lose your friend.

Convergence accumulation of SDs promoting the same idea, motive

Defeated Expectancy Some element of the text receives prominence due to the interruption in the pattern of predictability.

Talk all you like about automatic ovens and electric dishwashers, there’s nothing you can have around the house as useful as a husband. Talk all you like about automatic ovens and electric dishwashers, there’s nothing you can have around the house as useful as a husband. Чем меньше женщину мы любим, тем лучше нравимся мы ей. А.С. Пушкин «Евгений Онегин» Глава IV.

Semi-marked structures a variety of defeated expectancy associated with deviation from the grammatical and lexical norms

Semi-marked structures structures that deviate from the established rules of grammar and require special interpretation

Colourless green ideas sleep furiously. N. Chomsky

Strong position headline beginning of the text final episode

Thank you!