Philosophy of ancient greece презентация

PHILOSOPHY OF ANCIENT GREECE Pre-Socratics Philosophy Socratic Philosophy Plato Aristotle Roman-Hellenistic Philosophy

Influence of social processes on origin of Philosophy Economy: Trade and commerce Exchange of information Independence of wealthy colonies Slave-owning system Division of physical end intellectual labor Policy: Oligarchic democracy

General characteristics of Philosophy of Ancient Greece Rational system of philosophical knowledge Attempt to create naturalistic picture of Universe A lot of intuitive assumptions proposed by Greeks were proved by science lately in history

Pre-Socratics Problem of primary substance and changes “Investigators of Nature” (accord. to Aristotle) “Archae” - primary substance – fundamental principle of Universe – Greek: “αρχή”, Latin: “principium”

Heraclitus Fire – the principle of substance Heat produces changes Everything is flux, world is in constant changes Perpetual flux structures by LOGOS – logic of reason “You can`t step twice in to the same river”

Pythagorean School (VI century B.C.) Pythagoras World is a perfect harmony of numbers Soul is a prisoner of body and can be reincarnated The highest purpose of soul – to purify itself by cultivating intellectual virtues, refraining from sensual pleasures and practicing religious rituals

ATOMISTS (Leucippus & Democritus) (V century B.C.) Atoms – small primary bodies, uncuttuble (indivisible), imperishable , distinguished by size, shape & weight. Atoms = existence Emptiness =non-existence

SOCRATES (469-399 B.C.) Left no writings (his students wrote about him) Ethical philosophy (justice, love, virtue, self-cognition) Knowledge – virtue, ignorance – vice Philosopher`s duty is to provoke people into thinking for themselves “Percept yourself” Dialectic method - the highest method of the speculative thought for analytical examination for clear definition of basic concepts

PLATO (428-348 B.C.) Teaching about Ideas (or Doctrine of Forms) True knowledge can be obtained by soul activity – “recalling of soul” by dialectical principle “Republic” – Myth of the Cave – humanity imprisoned in cave and mistaking shadows on the wall for reality. Philosopher penetrates the world outside the “cave of ignorance” and achieves a vision of true reality

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) Plato`s disciple Tutor of Alexander Macedonsky the Great - denies separate existence of the concept apart from particular objects of sense: knowledge must be grounded on sense experience

Formal logic (theory of causality) Acting cause (efficient)-the source of motion Material cause – matter out of which thing made Formal cause – spicies, kind or type Final cause – the goal

HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY Epicureanism Stoicism Skepticism

Stoicism (III century B.C.) “Stoa” – a kind of open building near Athenian marketplace where Zeno established school Seneca – statesman & orator Epictetus - slave Marcus Aurelius – Roman emperor “Follow where Reason leads” (don’t submit passion of love, hate, fear, pleasure) Virtues: wisdom, courage, justice, temperance

Epicureanism (IV century B.C.) Epicurus - followed materialistic teaching of Democritus (knowledge about nature may set man free from fear of gods & death) Hedonism – the philosophy of pleasure. Highest good is to be happy and free from pain Aim of life – to achieve maximum pleasure, pleasure of soul – freeing man from trouble and fair and moderating his passions and appetites

Cynic school (Diogenes) (IV century B.C.) The Greek word kunikos, from which cynic comes, was originally an adjective meaning "doglike" from “kun” - "dog.“ Diogenes lived the life of a homeless man, wearing tattered robes, begging for food, sleeping on the street, and occasionally in a pithos(a large tub/ barrel).

The goal of Cynicism was to attain arete (Greek) or virtus (Roman), a quality we imperfectly translate "virtue“ - strength to overcome one's thoughts, feelings, and the circumstances of one's life The goal of Cynicism was to attain arete (Greek) or virtus (Roman), a quality we imperfectly translate "virtue“ - strength to overcome one's thoughts, feelings, and the circumstances of one's life Cynics disregarded social conventions and appearance, making them pariahs: What would have shamed their contemporaries did not shame the Cynics.

Thank you! by Natalya Spitsa